The ability of the American legal system to interpret the amendments in this way was granted in part by the Ninth Amendment to the Constitution, which distinguishs: "The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people" (Goode 19). In the late 1780s, before the Constitution was ratified, more members of the First Congress demanded a Bill of Rights in pitch to limit the powers of the federal government and thus insure the rights of the stirs and individuals. pack Madison
Another amendment which has permitted a bighearted interpretation of Constitutional faithfulness and has thus affected both freedom of speech and the right to privacy is the ordinal Amendment. The Fourteenth Amendment was adopted in 1868, in the years following the American Civil War. The amendment was designed primarily to insure basic rights to the belatedly freed black slaves of America. component part One of the Fourteenth Amendment reads: "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall trim back the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the adjoin protection of the laws" (Goode 20).
The Fourteenth Amendment was originated by a group of " natural Republicans" in the Congress of the time, whose leaders were Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens (Faber and Faber 108). From the wording of Section One, it is clear that the Fourteenth Amendment was intended not only to supplant slavery in the United States, but also to establish the powers of the federal government. Thus, over the years, "the Supreme Court has used the amendment to go bad the rights, as listed in the first ten amendments, to the states and to require the state governments to abide by the requirements of the federal Constitution" (Goode 20). As a result of these interpretations, both the freedom of speech and the right to privacy as contained in the Bill of Rights have been reinforced in American law. In addition, the states are generally required to go along with federal rulings on exactly what is meant by those rights.
Hixson, Richard F. secrecy in a Public Society: Human Rights in Conflict. New York: Oxford UP, 1987.
, one of the chief writers of the Constitution, was at first unconnected to the idea of the Bill of Rights. Madison later came to be a proponent of the Bill of Rights; however, he insisted upon including th
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