The Emission of Ntrous Oxides and Water Vapor

The demand for faster aircraft for locomotion to more distant destinations is spurring atmospheric chemists to research the personal effects of emissions from SSTs, and to develop ways to make engines whose drum is less electronegative to the ozone horizontal surface.

firing offs from aircraft include many species that play a role in atmospheric chemical and radiative processes (1). Programs are underway in the fall in States and other countries to evaluate the effects of increasing the number of high-speed civil transport aircraft that operate in the stratosphere. Apart from the good challenges, significant environmental issues related to the role of exhaust emissions on climate and global change must be considered. Emission requirements imposed on new engines will depend on the environmental impact of their emissions. High-speed aircraft emit reactive northward in the arrive at of [NO.sub.x] at altitudes in the visit stratosphere surrounded by 16 and 23 kilometers while operating at speeds of Mach 1.6 to Mach 3.2, respectively. The [NO.sub.x] participates without delay and indirectly in catalytic cycles that destroy [0.sub.3] in the lower stratosphere. However, the sensitivity of the ozone ([0.sub.3]) loss to [NO.sub.x] emissions is reduced in atmospheric models when motley reactions on background sulfate 'rosol particles are included because the [NO.sub.

The problem of aircraft emissions and their effect on stratospheric ozone has been accept since the 1960s, and there is still no clear consensus on how unhealthful these emissions are. The ozone layer is being assaulted from many directions, and its preservation is essential to the protraction of life on Earth, as it protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation therapy from the sun, and reduces global warming. High-speed aircraft fly in the stratosphere, and it is here that multifactorial reactions occur between the nitrous oxides and water vapor from the aircraft exhaust and the ozone layer. There is currently intense scientific interest in looking at the reactions and determining the effect of aircraft exhausts on the ozone layer.

A study by the Stratospheric Photochemistry, 'rosols, and Dynamics Expedition (SPADE) showed that Pinatubo 'rosols lowered standard amounts of [NO.sub.x], and that as these levels fell, concentrations of the other two classes of radicals, and ozone loss, increased. A similar depletion of [NO.sub.x] in the stratosphere over Antarctica during the austral spring contributes to the efficiency with which chlorine radicals form and foster an ozone hole there. Thus there is an inverse dependency of ozone loss on [NO.sub.x]. However, the researchers point out, it is still not cognize how an increase in [NO.sub.x] from SST traffic will affect the ozone layer globally. At least in the lower stratosphere, it appears that a smaller increase in [NO.sub.x] from SSTs will actually slow ozone depletion - virtually 20 kilometers, where SSTs fly (4).

1. Fahey, D. W.; Keim, E. R.; Boering, K. A.; Brock, C. A.; Wilson, J. C.; Jonsson, H. H.; Anthony, S.; Hanison, T. F.; Wennberg, P. O.; Miake-Lye, R. C.; Salwitch, R. J.; Louisnard, N.; Woodbridge, E. L.; Gao, R. S.; Donnelly, S. G.; Wamsley, R. C.; Del Negro, L. A.; Solomon, S.; Daube, S. C.; Wofsy, S. C.; Webster, C. R.; May, R. D.; Kelly, K. K.; Loewenstein, M.; Podolske, J. R.; Chan, K. R. Emission measu
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